What is CVE-2026-78227?

CVE-2026-78227 is Use-after-free in DoQ stream output buffer on reset re-transmission. The supplied enrichment data classifies it as Memory Corruption mapped to CWE-416 Use After Free.

Which versions are affected?

Affected product and version evidence is listed in the product table above. Current public advisories should be checked for exact version scope before patch targeting is finalized.

Is there active exploitation?

Active exploitation is not confirmed from current sources for CVE-2026-78227. If exploitation is not confirmed from current sources, teams should document that status and continue monitoring KEV, vendor, and telemetry updates.

No. CVE-2026-78227 is not listed in CISA KEV in the supplied enrichment data. KEV status should be monitored because it can change after initial disclosure or after exploitation becomes publicly confirmed.

Is there a public exploit?

A public PoC is not confirmed from current sources for CVE-2026-78227. Public exploit or PoC availability should raise triage priority, especially for exposed or business-critical systems.

How can defenders detect it?

Start with web/proxy/WAF logs, application logs, network IDS/IPS where available. Look for vulnerability-class behavior, product errors, suspicious authentication events, exploit probes, and abnormal process activity based only on evidence that applies to the affected product.

How should teams prioritize it?

Prioritize CVE-2026-78227 using CVSS 6.5, EPSS 0%, KEV status, public PoC status, and asset exposure. Internet-facing, privileged, or business-critical deployments should be handled first.

Are workarounds available?

Workarounds are not confirmed from current sources. Fixed-version evidence is listed in the mitigation section above.

Which threat actors are linked publicly?

No public threat actor linkage is confirmed from current sources. Do not attribute exploitation to a threat actor unless the source evidence explicitly supports that linkage.

What should be done in the next 24 hours?

Identify exposed assets running affected vendor/product/version combinations. Prioritize based on EPSS, PoC availability, and external exposure. Search available logs for exploit probes, errors, authentication anomalies, or suspicious child processes matching the vulnerability class. Open remediation tickets with affected assets, owners, evidence status, and detection coverage so decisions are traceable.

mediumMemory Corruption

CVE-2026-78227

CVE-2026-78227 — Use-after-free in DoQ stream output buffer on reset re-transmission

NLnet Labs Unbound 1.22.0 up to and including 1.26.1, has a use-after-free vulnerability when compiled for DNS-over-QUIC support with '--with-libngtcp2'. Each DoQ stream owns an output buffer that holds the DNS response. ngtcp2's retransmission buffer keeps a shallow pointer into the output buffer for as long as a STREAM frame may be resent. On a client RESET_STREAM, the output buffer is freed but ngtcp2 still holds the matching retransmission entries. The next PTO timeout makes ngtcp2 re-encode the STREAM frame and copy from the freed buffer. A malicious actor that can query Unbound over DoQ and that withholds ACKs, sends RESET_STREAM, and waits for PTO, reaches this use-after-free with no privilege. This leads to retransmissions against freed memory and eventually an abnormal server exit under a 20-query spray.

Published Sep 16, 2026Updated Sep 16, 2026Sources: NVD, NLnet Labs (CNA), GitHub, GitHub Security Advisory, Red Hat (VEX), SOCRadar CTI

Triage

Is it exploited, how likely is exploitation, what does it touch, and how severe do the scoring sources call it.

Exploitation

Unreported

no source claims exploitation

EPSS

ahead of 0% of scored CVEs

Affects

NLnet Labs

Unbound

CVSS base

6.5

medium · 2 sources

Remediation

The vendor's own words where we have them.

This issue is fixed starting with version 1.26.1

Red Hat VEX · CVE-2026-78227

fixed0affected2not affected0

none_available: Fix deferred

First 24 hours

Ordered from the record's own fields — exposure first, because you cannot patch what you have not found.

Identify exposed assets running affected vendor/product/version combinations.
Prioritize based on EPSS, PoC availability, and external exposure.
Search available logs for exploit probes, errors, authentication anomalies, or suspicious child processes matching the vulnerability class.

Affected scope

Vendor, product and version as the advisories word them.

Vendor	Product	Versions	Status
NLnet Labs	Unbound	1.22.0 to < 1.26.1	Vulnerable

Attack characteristics

The CVSS vector, decoded. It describes the attack, not your exposure to it.

Availability

Low

Confidentiality

High

Integrity

None

Scope

Unchanged

Attack Complexity

High

Attack Vector

Network

Privileges Req

None

User Interaction

None

Every base score collected

Sources score independently and disagree; each row says who scored it and under which version.

Score	Version	Severity	Expl.	Impact	Source
6.5	CVSS 3.1	medium	2.2	4.2	nlnetlabs.nl (CNA), NLnet Labs (CNA), GHSA
5.9	CVSS 3.1	medium	—	—	Red Hat (VEX)

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:L

What this weakness leads to

MITRE's own consequences and mitigations for the weakness class — the authority's wording, not guidance derived from the CVSS vector.

MITRE

CWE-416 · Use After Free

Modify Memory
DoS: Crash, Exit, or Restart
Execute Unauthorized Code or Commands

Mitigation: Choose a language that provides automatic memory management.

Weakness & attack patterns

CWE-416Use After Free

Inferred from the weakness class — not observed against this CVE.

CAPEC-100 · Overflow BuffersCAPEC-123 · Buffer Manipulation

Detection

Read off the CVSS vector and the weakness class. Starting points, not rules we have tested.

Prioritize edge telemetry for network-reachable Unbound.

web/proxy/WAF logsapplication logsnetwork IDS/IPS

Timeline

What happened to this CVE, newest first — with the readings a source repeats on a schedule counted underneath rather than listed.

2026
Added · CVSS 3.1 6.5 (AV:N)
Sep 16, 2026 · NVD
Initial · CVE published
Sep 16, 2026 · NVD
Reported · Fixes released with version 1.26.1
Sep 16, 2026 · NLnet Labs
Added · GHSA-jwvw-q5m4-rjxh published (medium)
Sep 16, 2026 · GitHub Security Advisory
CVE published by MITRE.
Sep 16, 2026 · SOCRadar CTI
Reported · Yuqi Qiu verifies patch
Aug 14, 2026 · NLnet Labs
Reported · NLnet Labs shares patch
Aug 13, 2026 · NLnet Labs
Issue reported by Yuqi Qiu
Aug 11, 2026 · NLnet Labs

References

6 on the record

www.nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/unbound/CVE-2026-78227.txt
Vendor Advisory
nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-78227
NVD
github.com/advisories/GHSA-jwvw-q5m4-rjxh
Exploit, Third Party Advisory
access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-78227
Vendor Advisory
bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2535052
Vendor Advisory
www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-78227
Vendor Advisory

Elsewhere on this site

NLnet Labsevery CVE for this vendor
Memory Corruptionsame class
CWE-416other pages naming this weakness

Not in any source we poll

Listed rather than left blank: an empty field and an unmeasured one look identical on screen, and only one is a reason to look elsewhere.

No confirmed IOCs, IP addresses, domains, file hashes, or malware artifacts supplied.
No organization-specific asset inventory, compensating-control status, or patch deployment evidence supplied.
No exploit packet captures, log samples, or incident case IDs supplied.

Answered from this record1

What should defenders know first?

CVE-2026-78227 is Use-after-free in DoQ stream output buffer on reset re-transmission, a medium vulnerability affecting Unbound from NLnet Labs. The current evidence does not list it in CISA KEV, and the exploit status is: Active exploitation is not confirmed from current sources for CVE-2026-78227. Public exploit evidence is: A public PoC is not confirmed from current sources for CVE-2026-78227. The affected-version evidence is listed in the key facts and affected products tables. Defenders should first verify whether exposed or business-critical assets run those versions, then apply vendor patches or mitigations, restrict reachable attack surface, and preserve logs for detection review. CVSS 6.5 describes technical severity, while EPSS 0% helps estimate near-term exploit likelihood; neither replaces asset context. Unknown fields should remain explicit in tickets, and threat actor, IOC, victimology, or payload claims should not be added unless a cited source supports them. Monitor CISA KEV, vendor advisories, NVD changes, public PoC repositories, and internal telemetry for update triggers.